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(N.d.).
The legitimacy of by-design approaches may also be affected by the passage of time. (n.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).
legitimacy. (n.d.).
Regulation is a social practice, in which a regu-lator seeks to influence the behaviour of the regulated actors. Sometimes this influencehappens through the use of legally sanctioned coercion, or the threat of it,41 but coercive approaches are not always effective, sometimes even backfiring against the regulator. (n.d.).
RbD’s reliance on software as an enforcement mechanism would seem to overcome these limits of coercion, as the rules embedded in the software are applied automatically whenever the conditions for their application are present. (n.d.).
The examples above suggest that RbD might be inadequate if the legal requirements cannotbe fully specified before implementation, or if relevant factors cannot be expressed in binary terms. In these circumstances, compliance with by-design requirements becomes a matter of risk management37: any design decision will be insufficient to cover all relevant aspects ofsome legal requirements; nonetheless, designers are still obliged to choose and adopt measuresthat mitigate known risks to the values at stake. (n.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).
Consider a scenario in which a social media platform is required to automatically remove posts containing hate speech. An erroneous decision to remove a user’s post can be a substantial violation of the user’s rights, especially that of freedom of expres-sion,34 so accuracy is a relevant factor for this requirement. Many unlawful posts might bedetected through automated filters,35 but these filters might also produce wrongful results, especially when faced with parodies and other humoristic content. (n.d.).
Contrastingly, designers are likely to struggle whenever value judgments do not remainstable over time. (n.d.).
A legal principle creates duties on those bound by it – in this case,the designer – but it does not specify the content of these duties, which must be evaluated on a contextual basis. (n.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).
rules, but principles. (n.d.).
In many circumstances, RbD requirements do not oblige designers to implement legal. (n.d.).
Consequently, the content of a legal rule might be an obstacle to its expression in software. (n.d.).
(N.d.).
Encoding also becomes a problemif the automation of a rule would undermine the very objectives it is meant to pursue, as is the case with the principle that a defendant in a jury trial should be judged by their peers. (n.d.).
(N.d.).
However, such an encod-ing is not always possible if the conditions of the rule refer to aspects of humans and society that cannot be represented in the binary language or software, such as those concerned with the flourishing of human personality. (n.d.).
Translating legal requirements into software can be relatively straightforward in some cases. (n.d.).
(N.d.).
(N.d.).